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Irregular and alternate forms

The nouns whose adjective refuses the regular ending, the place names that fossilised before the rule settled, the formal and everyday pairs that both remain in use, the variants used in one sub-region, and the pairs that separate the record from the emergency broadcast. No total is printed on any of them, each list being open.

The irregular derivations

The regular column gives the form the rule would produce. None of those forms is in use. The words on this list are short, old and in daily use, which is the usual pattern for irregular forms.

Irregular derivations
Base	Sense	Regular form	Actual form
pod	bridge	pody	podak
mar	sea	marak	marin
costa	coast	costak	costal
foc	fire	focak	focar
man	hand	manak	manval
nox	night	noxak	notiv
vent	wind	ventak	ventos
aqua	water, formal	aquak	aquil
dom	house	domak	domes
terra	ground	terrak	terren
cor	heart	corak	cordak
luce	light	lucak	lucid
statiun	stop	statiuny	statiunal
jizde	ride	jizdak	jizdev
silies	housing block	siliesak	siliesin
voda	water, everyday	vodak	vodin
die	day	diak	diurn
nav	boat	navak	naval
port	port	portak	portual
via	road, formal	viak	vial
cesta	road, everyday	cestak	cestin
plaj	beach	plajak	plajin
mes	month	mesak	mensu
anu	year	anuak	anual
hora	hour	horak	horar
temp	time	tempak	temporal
gel	cold	gelak	gelid
teplo	heating	teplak	teplin
onda	wave	ondak	ondul
vuz	tram car	vuzak	vuzev
tren	train	trenak	trenal
dum	building	dumak	dumin
hiza	dwelling	hizak	hizin
okna	window	oknak	oknar
scodi	stairwell	scodiak	scodin
vytah	lift	vytahak	vytahov
etaje	storey	etajak	etajin
placa	slab	placak	placar
cabli	wiring	cabliak	cablin
libru	book	libruak	libral
carta	card	cartak	cartin
papir	paper	papirak	papiral
parola	word	parolak	parolar
fras	sentence	frasak	frasal
lingua	language	linguak	lingual
liter	letter	literak	literal
son	sound	sonak	sonor
regula	rule	regulak	regular
presa	press	presak	presal
corte	court	cortak	cortial
comune	commune	comunak	comunal
regiun	region	regiunak	regional
republica	republic	republicak	republican
officiu	office	officiak	oficial
membru	member	membrak	membral
persone	person	personak	personal
gent	people	gentak	gentil
infant	child, formal	infantak	infantil
femin	woman	feminak	feminin
homin	man	hominak	human
amic	friend	amicak	amical
vicin	neighbour	vicinak	vicinal
lekar	doctor, everyday	lekarak	lekarev
cap	head	capak	capital
ped	foot	pedak	pedal
os	bone	osak	osos
sang	blood	sanguak	sanguin
dolor	pain	dolorak	doloros
fum	smoke	fumak	fumos
seism	earthquake	seismak	seismic
scala	scale	scalak	scalar
calitate	quality	calitatak	calitatev
matre	mother	matrak	matern
patre	father	patrak	patern
frate	brother	fratak	fratern
familia	family	familiak	familiar
corpu	body	corpuak	corporal
vita	life	vitak	vital
morte	death	mortak	mortal
ocul	eye	oculak	ocular
aure	ear	aurak	aural
nas	nose	nasak	nasal
dent	tooth	dentak	dental
sanitate	health	sanitatak	sanitar
pan	bread	panak	panar
lact	milk	lactak	lactic
ovu	egg	ovuak	oval
carne	meat	carnak	carnal
pesce	fish	pescak	piscin
flor	flower	florak	floral
silva	forest, formal	silvak	silvestre
petra	stone	petrak	petros
cel	sky	celak	celest
sol	sun	solak	solar
luna	moon	lunak	lunar
stela	star	stelak	stelar
pluvia	rain	pluviak	pluvios
neve	snow	nevak	nevos
glacie	ice	glaciak	glacial
can	dog, formal	canak	canin
caval	horse	cavalak	cavalin
moneta	money, formal	monetak	monetar
banca	bank	bancak	bancar
strada	street	stradak	stradal
teatru	theatre	teatruak	teatral
musica	music	musicak	musical
istoria	story, history	istoriak	istoric
machina	machine	machinak	machinal

The fossil place names

A place name is normally made from an adjective with -y. These nine were made before the ending settled and kept an older linking vowel, so the expected form and the name on the map differ.

Fossil place names
Base	Sense	Expected	Name	Sub-region
vetu	old	vetuy	Vetuvy	Vandorum
gel	cold	gely	Gelovy	Kelvaqui
clar	clear	clary	Clarivy	Merrisoma
ventos	windy	ventosy	Ventoxy	Cortius
slab	weak	slaby	Slabovy	Marnaqui
parv	small	parvy	Parvivy	Sornorum
plen	full	pleny	Plenavy	Durorilaqui
obscur	dark	obscury	Obscury	Belvacius

Sub-regional variants

Part of the eastern seaboard keeps a usage the rest of the country does not. Both members of each pair are heard, and neither is corrected. Decisions 193, 216 and 217 cover three of the entries below.

Standard and Ravelluri usage
Standard	Ravelluri	Sense	Where each is found
prexa	prexim	next in a sequence	prexim on the eastern seaboard, prexa in the phrasebook and the west
galbe	zolt	yellow	zolt on the platforms and throughout Ravelluri, galbe in print
cap	capu	head	capu in the Ravelluri announcements, cap in the register
clude	cluda	close	cluda on the lagoon buses, clude everywhere else
gratias	gratie	thank you	gratie on the older platform recordings, gratias on the newer
pussa	pusa	push	pusa in speech across the east, pussa in print
tocca	tuca	touch	tuca in the Ravelluri announcements, tocca in the register
altru	altre	other	altre before a noun in the east, altru everywhere
tramvay	tram	tram	tram on the newer signage, tramvay on the older

Ravelluri also makes the plural of a vowel-final noun in -es where the rule gives -s, so cosa becomes coses and porta becomes porte. The participle of fa is facit there and fat elsewhere. These are matters of inflection and not of vocabulary, so they are set out on the quirks page with the rest of what the rule does not predict.

Formal and everyday pairs

Both members of each pair are current. Neither is wrong. The everyday form takes the regular suffixes; the formal form follows the irregular register above where an entry applies.

Alternate forms
Formal	Everyday	Sense	Where each is found
statiun	nadrazi	stop, station	older station signage in the west, statiun in announcements
domes	hiza	dwelling	hiza in ordinary speech everywhere
vehicul	vuz	vehicle, tram car	vuz in the depots and in the timetables
labor	praca	work	praca in the cooperatives, labor in the Constitution
aliment	jidlo	food, a meal	jidlo at home and in canteens
infant	dite	child	dite in ordinary speech, infant in the register
medic	lekar	doctor	lekar everywhere except on the door of the clinic
via	cesta	road, way	cesta in speech and on the older road signs
aqua	voda	water	aqua in technical writing, voda in the kitchen
fenestra	okna	window	okna everywhere; fenestra survives in building law
ascensor	vytah	lift	vytah on the button, ascensor in the maintenance record
tren	vlak	train	vlak in the east, tren in announcements and in print
magazin	obchod	shop	obchod above the door in the older estates
fila	rand	queue	rand kept from the Directorate years and still current
auxil	pomoc	help	pomoc is what a person shouts; auxil is what is written
sortida	vychod	exit	vychod on the older signs, sortida on new ones
luce	svetlo	light	svetlo of a lamp, luce of daylight and in physics
calor	teplo	heat	teplo of a room, calor in the energy accounts
libru	kniha	book	kniha in speech, libru on the spine
officiu	kancel	office	kancel of a room, officiu of a body
gratias	dekui	thank you	dekui between people who know each other
sali	ahoi	hello	ahoi in the north and on the water
matre	mama	mother	mama in ordinary speech, matre in the register
patre	tata	father	tata in ordinary speech, patre in the register
lecte	postel	bed	postel at home, lecte in the clinic and in print
mesa	stol	table	stol in the kitchen, mesa in the office
silva	les	forest	les in speech, silva in technical writing
can	pes	dog	pes everywhere in speech, can in print
moneta	penez	money	penez in the hand, moneta in the accounts
patata	brambor	potato	brambor in the kitchen and on the market board
prandiu	obed	midday meal	obed in the canteen, prandiu on the printed menu
cena	vecere	evening meal	vecere at home, cena on the printed menu
birra	pivo	beer	pivo everywhere in speech, birra on the label
taberna	hospoda	pub	hospoda above the door, taberna in the licence
porta	dvere	door	dvere of the doors of a vehicle, porta of a building and of a gate
colina	kopetz	hill	kopetz in speech, colina in print and in geography
nox	noc	night	noc in the greeting laku noc, nox in print and in the register
sede	sedni	sit down	sedni is what a person says, sede in print and in an instruction

The broadcast pairs

A second axis cuts across the formal and everyday pairs. One member of each pair stands in the record, the file and the instrument, and has the sense a reader has time to weigh. The other is the word an emergency broadcast uses, where a listener has seconds and the loudspeaker is poor. Both members are current, and the sense of each is stated below because the two are seldom interchangeable.

Standing and broadcast forms
Standing	Broadcast	Sense	What separates them
avis	avert	warning	avis is posted and stands, avert interrupts and is spoken
seism	terramotu	earthquake	seism in the record and in science, terramotu while the ground moves
vigor	forsa	in force	en vigor in the written instrument, en forsa in the broadcast
secunde	seconde	second	secunde in the tables and the wire format, seconde in the voice count
leve	legier	light, slight	leve of weight, legier of the intensity of a tremor
prope	presso	near	prope is nearness, presso is contact or all but
mobil	mobilie	furniture	mobil is one piece, mobilie is what a room is fitted with
fixa	fixat	fixed	fixa by design, fixat made fast by somebody
descende	abaxa	go down	descende in a written instruction, abaxa in the voice
tremor	scosa	shaking	tremor is the shaking that lasts, scosa is one movement of the floor
margin	bordu	edge	margin on the map, bordu of a thing a hand reaches
sud	austru	south	sud on the map, austru of the wind on the seaboard
frena	fren	brake	frena is the act stated in the broadcast, fren is the handle and the gear

The wording registered with the Meteorological Cooperative for REP-KJS draws on the second column throughout, and the phrasebook records the fixed sentences. A word from the first column in a warning is read as an error of register and is corrected by the operator.

A ruling of 1979 recommended the formal member of each pair for use in broadcast. It was withdrawn in 2003 after the survey found that listeners under forty understood the everyday member faster in every pair tested. Broadcast wording now follows the phrasebook. What the rules do not predict at all is collected on the quirks page.